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Timothy David Noakes (born 1949) is a South African scientist, and an emeritus professor in the Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine at the University of Cape Town.
He has run more than 70 and , and is the author of several books on exercise and diet. He is known for his work in sports science and for his support of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF, Banting) diet, as set out in his books The Real Meal Revolution and Lore of Nutrition: Challenging Conventional Dietary Beliefs.
In the early 1990s Noakes co-founded the Sports Science Institute of South Africa. Sports Science Institute of South Africa
He is a researcher on the condition now known as exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH).
In 1996 Noakes published his theory of the "central governor". The theory proposed that fatigue is a "protective emotion" rather than a physiological state.Hutchinson, Alex. (12 December 2014). " What Is Fatigue?", The New Yorker. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
Noakes served on the selection panel for the International Olympic Committee’s Science Prize between 1995 and 2002.
In 2005 he undertook a series of experiments in the Arctic and Antarctic on South African (British-born) swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh to understand human capability in extreme cold. He discovered that Pugh had the ability to raise his core body temperature before entering the water in anticipation of the cold and coined the phrase 'anticipatory thermo-genesis' to describe it." Pugh will be the guinea pig", (2 March 2006). News24. Retrieved 24 January 2019.Knott, Jonathan (29 November 2013). " Dipping my toe into cold-water swimming", The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2019. In 2007, Noakes was the expedition doctor for Pugh's one kilometre swim at the Geographic North Pole.Cramb, Auslan. (16 July 2007) " North Pole swimmer's unique body heat trick", The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
Despite following his diet, Noakes's fasting glucose levels barely budged, and he started taking the diabetes management drug metformin and dietary supplements to control the condition. He now describes himself as "cured" as long as he follows this regimen.
Registered dietician Megan Pentz-Kluyts said that omitting food groups, as Noakes's diet does, is the hallmark of Fad diet not backed up by scientific evidence. After members of the Parliament of South Africa expressed support for his diet, fellow faculty members at the University of Cape Town accused him of making “outrageous, unproven claims about disease prevention” in an open letter they sent to the Cape Times. Wim de Villiers, dean of the faculty, accused Noakes of having no real scientific evidence to back up his assertions.
In February 2014 a registered dietician complained to the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) that Noakes tweeted to a mother that she should wean her baby onto low-carbohydrate, high-fat foods, which he described as real foods. The HPCSA held a hearing about the allegation against Noakes over the next few years. Controversially, on 28 October 2016, the HPSCA incorrectly released a statement announcing that Noakes had been found guilty of misconduct, namely "giving unconventional advice over social media". In a second press release issued over three hours later, the HPSCA apologised for the mistake. Noakes was cleared of misconduct in April 2017. The HPSCA lost its appeal in June 2018 and the appeal committee dismissed the HPSCA's case by unanimous decision. Noakes commented: "Acquitted on all counts, twice, by two different judging panels".
Noakes co-wrote the 2017 book Lore of Nutrition with journalist Marika Sboros. In it Noakes describes his conversion to LCHF dieting, and writes that in his view the lipid hypothesis is the "biggest mistake in modern medicine". He details his struggles with the medical establishment. Paediatrician Alastair McAlpine criticised Noakes's Lore of Nutrition book as "bad science" in a review, to which Noakes responded.
Clinical dietitian Ingrid Schloss, citing a 2018 study, pointed out that no significant differences were found between low-fat and low-carb diets, and suggested that instead of the "fundamentalism" of the Noakes diet, people should be encouraged to reduce added sugar and refined grains; choose more whole foods, and include a wide variety of vegetables.
Eduard Grebe, an epidemiologist and infectious disease specialist, has written that Noakes had "a long history of making misleading and false claims", including support for the MMR Hoax and claiming that hydroxychloroquine was an effective treatment for COVID-19.
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